circuit_model¶

`PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model` ¶

`CircuitElement` ¶

Bases: CircuitComponent

A circuit element class

`set_operating_point(V=None, I=None)` ¶

Set the operating point for this element.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`V`	`Optional[float]`	Voltage to evaluate.	`None`
`I`	`Optional[float]`	Current to evaluate.	`None`

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Resistor
r = Resistor(cond=2.0)
r.set_operating_point(V=0.5)
r.operating_point[1] == 1.0 # True

`draw(ax=None, x=0, y=0, color='black', fontsize=6, linewidth=1.5, display_value=False)` ¶

Draw this element on a matplotlib axis.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`ax`	`Optional[Any]`	Matplotlib Axes to draw into, or None.	`None`
`x`	`float`	X position of the element center.	`0`
`y`	`float`	Y position of the element center.	`0`
`color`	`str`	Line color for the symbol.	`'black'`
`display_value`	`bool`	If True, show the value label.	`False`

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import R
R(10).draw(ax=ax)

`calc_I(V)` ¶

Compute current for a given voltage.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`V`	`Union[float, ndarray]`	Voltage value(s).	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`Union[float, ndarray]`	Union[float, np.ndarray]: Current value(s).

Raises:

Type	Description
`NotImplementedError`	If not implemented in a subclass.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Resistor
Resistor(cond=2.0).calc_I(0.5) # 1.0

`CircuitGroup` ¶

Bases: CircuitComponent

Circuit with series or parallel connected parts.

`parts` `property` `writable` ¶

Alias for subgroups.

Returns:

Type	Description
`Sequence[CircuitComponent]`	Sequence[CircuitComponent]: Child components/groups.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R
group = series(R(1), R(2))
len(group.parts) # 2

`children` `property` `writable` ¶

Another alias for subgroups.

Returns:

Type	Description
`Sequence[CircuitComponent]`	Sequence[CircuitComponent]: Child components/groups.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R
group = series(R(1), R(2))
len(group.children) # 2

`init(subgroups, connection='series', name=None, location=None, rotation=0, x_mirror=1, y_mirror=1, extent=None)` ¶

Initialize a CircuitGroup.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`subgroups`	`Sequence[CircuitComponent]`	Child components/groups.	required
`connection`	`str`	"series" or "parallel" connection type.	`'series'`
`name`	`Optional[str]`	Optional name for lookup.	`None`
`location`	`Optional[Sequence[float]]`	XY location for layout.	`None`
`rotation`	`float`	Rotation in degrees.	`0`
`x_mirror`	`int`	X mirror flag (+1 or -1).	`1`
`y_mirror`	`int`	Y mirror flag (+1 or -1).	`1`
`extent`	`Optional[Sequence[float]]`	Precomputed extent (width, height).	`None`

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import CircuitGroup, R
group = CircuitGroup([R(1), R(2)], connection="series")
group.connection # 'series'

`set_operating_point(V=None, I=None, refine_IV=False, shallow=False, use_python=False)` ¶

Set the operating point for the circuit group.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`V`	`Optional[float]`	Voltage to set or evaluate.	`None`
`I`	`Optional[float]`	Current to set or evaluate.	`None`
`refine_IV`	`bool`	If True, refine IV around operating point.	`False`
`shallow`	`bool`	If True, skip recursion into subgroups.	`False`

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import *
group = R(1) + R(2)
group.build_IV()
group.set_operating_point(V=0.5, shallow=True)
group.operating_point[0] # 0.5

`removeElementOfTag(tag)` ¶

Remove all elements with a matching tag.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`tag`	`Any`	Tag value to remove.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R
group = series(R(1, tag="R1"), R(2, tag="R2"))
group.removeElementOfTag("R1")
len(group.subgroups) # 1

`set_temperature(temperature)` ¶

Update temperature for all diodes and current sources.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`temperature`	`float`	Temperature in Celsius.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R, CurrentSource
group = series(CurrentSource(1.0), R(1))
group.set_temperature(35)

`findElementType(type_, stop_at_type_=None)` ¶

Find all elements of a given type in the subtree.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`type_`	`Union[type, str]`	Class or class name to match.	required
`stop_at_type_`	`Union[type, str]`	if encounter element of stop_at_type_, do not search within it	`None`

Returns:

Type	Description
`List[CircuitComponent]`	List[CircuitComponent]: Matching elements.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R, Diode
group = series(R(1), Diode())
len(group.findElementType(Diode)) # 1

`getitem(type_)` ¶

Shortcut for findElementType.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R, Diode
group = series(R(1), Diode())
len(group[Diode])

`draw(x=0, y=0, display_value=False, title='Model', linewidth=1.5, animate=False, V_sweep_frames=None, split_screen_with_IV=False, current_flow_log10_range=4, area_multiplier=1, fontsize=6, ax2_width=0.5, ax2_xlim=None, ax2_ylim=None, figsize=None, operating_point_size=20, max_electron_size=0.05)` ¶

Draw the CircuitGroup as a schematic, optionally with animation and an IV subplot.

If animate=True, the method animates "current flow" using moving circles along the wires. If V_sweep_frames is provided, the operating point is swept over the specified voltages and the animation updates the operating point (and optionally the IV subplot markers) per frame.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`x`	`float`	X position of the schematic center in diagram coordinates.	`0`
`y`	`float`	Y position of the schematic center in diagram coordinates.	`0`
`display_value`	`bool`	If True, display component values (where supported by elements).	`False`
`title`	`str`	Figure window title when creating a new figure.	`'Model'`
`linewidth`	`float`	Line width for wiring and plots	`1.5`
`animate`	`bool`	If True, animate current flow using moving circles on the wires. Requires that operating points have been computed (e.g., via `get_Pmax()`, `set_operating_point()`, or similar).	`False`
`V_sweep_frames`	`Optional[Any]`	Optional sequence of voltages to sweep. If provided, each animation frame sets the circuit operating point to `V_sweep_frames[frame]`. When omitted, the animation runs as a steady "flow" at the current operating point.	`None`
`split_screen_with_IV`	`bool`	If True, creates a second subplot showing the IV curve	`False`
`current_flow_log10_range`	`float`	Controls visual scaling of circle size with current magnitude. Circle radii scale approximately with `log10(\|I\|)` over this range; larger values compress the visual range (less variation), smaller values exaggerate it.	`4`
`area_multiplier`	`float`	Not passed by users.	`1`
`fontsize`	`float`	font size to display	`6`
`ax2_width`	`float`	width of ax2 (max 1)	`0.5`
`ax2_xlim`	`tuple[float, float] \| None`	xlim of ax2 (dafault None)	`None`
`ax2_ylim`	`tuple[float, float] \| None`	ylim of ax2 (dafault None)	`None`
`figsize`	`tuple[float, float] \| None`	figure width and height (default None)	`None`
`operating_point_size`	`float`	size of operating point to plot (default 20)	`20`
`max_electron_size`	`float`	size of electrons in animation (default 0.05)	`0.05`

Example

Basic schematic:

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R
(R(1) + R(2)).draw()

Animate current flow (after computing an operating point):

circuit.get_Pmax()
circuit.draw(animate=True)

Sweep operating point across voltages and show IV subplot:

Vs = np.linspace(0, circuit.get_Voc(), 60)
circuit.get_Pmax()
circuit.draw(animate=True, V_sweep_frames=Vs, split_screen_with_IV=True)

`as_type(cls, **kwargs)` ¶

Convert this group to another circuit component type.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`cls`	`Type[CircuitComponent]`	Target class with `from_circuitgroup`.	required
`**kwargs`	`Any`	Forwarded to `from_circuitgroup`.	`{}`

Returns:

Name	Type	Description
`CircuitComponent`	`T_CircuitComponent`	Converted instance of `cls`.

Raises:

Type	Description
`TypeError`	If `cls` is not a CircuitComponent or lacks conversion.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.device import *
circuit_group = ( 
    (IL(41e-3) | D1(10e-15) | D2(5e-9) | Dintrinsic_Si(180e-4) | Drev(V_shift=10) | R(1e5)) 
    + R(1/3)
)
cell_ = circuit_group.as_type(Cell, **wafer_shape(format="M10",half_cut=True))

`tile_subgroups(rows=None, cols=None, x_gap=0.0, y_gap=0.0, turn=False, xflip=False, yflip=False, col_wise_ordering=True)` ¶

Tile subgroups into a grid layout.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`rows`	`Optional[int]`	Number of rows.	`None`
`cols`	`Optional[int]`	Number of columns.	`None`
`x_gap`	`float`	Horizontal gap between tiles.	`0.0`
`y_gap`	`float`	Vertical gap between tiles.	`0.0`
`turn`	`bool`	Alternate rotation per column/row.	`False`
`xflip`	`bool`	Flip X orientation for 2-column layout.	`False`
`yflip`	`bool`	Flip Y orientation for 2-row layout.	`False`
`col_wise_ordering`	`bool`	Fill columns before rows.	`True`

Returns:

Name	Type	Description
`CircuitGroup`	`CircuitGroup`	The updated group (self).

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.device import Cell_
cell = Cell_()
cells = cell*5
cells.tile_subgroups(rows=1)

`CurrentSource` ¶

Bases: CircuitElement

Ideal current source with temperature and irradiance scaling.

`init(IL, Suns=1.0, temperature=25, temp_coeff=0.0, tag=None)` ¶

Initialize a current source.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`IL`	`float`	Light-generated current at reference conditions.	required
`Suns`	`float`	Relative irradiance multiplier.	`1.0`
`temperature`	`float`	Temperature in Celsius.	`25`
`temp_coeff`	`float`	Temperature coefficient for IL scaling.	`0.0`
`tag`	`Optional[str]`	Optional identifier for this source.	`None`

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import CurrentSource
src = CurrentSource(IL=1.0, temperature=25)
src.IL # 1.0

`set_IL(IL)` ¶

Update IL and invalidate IV caches.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`IL`	`float`	New light-generated current.	required

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import CurrentSource
src = CurrentSource(IL=1.0)
src.set_IL(2.0)
src.IL # 2.0

`changeTemperatureAndSuns(temperature=None, Suns=None)` ¶

Update temperature and irradiance, then recompute IL.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`temperature`	`Optional[float]`	New temperature in Celsius.	`None`
`Suns`	`Optional[float]`	New irradiance multiplier.	`None`

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import CurrentSource
src = CurrentSource(IL=1.0, Suns=1.0)
src.changeTemperatureAndSuns(Suns=2.0)
src.Suns # 2.0

`Resistor` ¶

Bases: CircuitElement

Ohmic resistor represented by conductance (1/R).

`init(cond=1.0, tag=None)` ¶

Initialize a resistor.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`cond`	`float`	Conductance in 1/ohm.	`1.0`
`tag`	`Optional[str]`	Optional identifier for this resistor.	`None`

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Resistor
r = Resistor(cond=1.0)
r.cond # 1.0

`set_cond(cond)` ¶

Update conductance and invalidate IV caches.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`cond`	`float`	New conductance in 1/ohm.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Resistor
r = Resistor(cond=1.0)
r.set_cond(2.0)
r.cond # 2.0

`Diode` ¶

Bases: CircuitElement

Generic diode class

`init(I0=1e-15, n=1, V_shift=0, max_I=None, tag=None, temperature=25)` ¶

Initialize a diode.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`I0`	`float`	Saturation current.	`1e-15`
`n`	`float`	Ideality factor.	`1`
`V_shift`	`float`	Voltage shift (e.g., breakdown offset).	`0`
`max_I`	`Optional[float]`	Maximum current density for IV ranges.	`None`
`tag`	`Optional[str]`	Optional identifier for this diode.	`None`
`temperature`	`float`	Temperature in Celsius.	`25`

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Diode
d = Diode(I0=1e-12, n=1.0)
d.I0 # 1e-12

`set_I0(I0)` ¶

Update saturation current and invalidate IV caches.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`I0`	`float`	New saturation current.	required

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Diode
d = Diode()
d.set_I0(1e-12)
d.I0 # 1e-12

`changeTemperature(temperature)` ¶

Update temperature and scale saturation current.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`temperature`	`float`	Temperature in Celsius.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Diode
d = Diode()
d.changeTemperature(35)

`ForwardDiode` ¶

Bases: Diode

Diode that points from '+' to '-'

`ReverseDiode` ¶

Bases: Diode

Reverse (breakdown) diode with inverted IV direction.

`PhotonCouplingDiode` ¶

Bases: ForwardDiode

LED-like diode for photon coupling in tandem models.

`Intrinsic_Si_diode` ¶

Bases: ForwardDiode

Intrinsic silicon diode with base recombination physics.

`init(base_thickness=0.018, base_type='n', base_doping=1000000000000000.0, area=1.0, temperature=25, max_I=None, tag=None)` ¶

Initialize an intrinsic silicon diode.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`base_thickness`	`float`	Base thickness in cm.	`0.018`
`base_type`	`str`	"p" or "n" base type.	`'n'`
`base_doping`	`float`	Base doping concentration in cm^-3.	`1000000000000000.0`
`area`	`float`	Active area multiplier.	`1.0`
`temperature`	`float`	Temperature in Celsius.	`25`
`max_I`	`Optional[float]`	Maximum current density for IV ranges.	`None`
`tag`	`Optional[str]`	Optional identifier.	`None`

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import Intrinsic_Si_diode
d = Intrinsic_Si_diode()
d.base_type # 'n'

`IL(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

This is a convenience alias for :class:CurrentSource, typically used to represent the light-generated current term in a PV circuit.

Example

IL = IL(5.0)
cell = IL + diode

`R(R, tag=None)` ¶

Create a resistor by specifying resistance in ohms.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`R`	`float`	Resistance in ohms.	required
`tag`	`Optional[str]`	Optional identifier for this resistor.	`None`

Returns:

Name	Type	Description
`Resistor`	`Resistor`	A resistor with conductance 1/R.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import R
R(10).cond # 0.1

`D(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

This is a shorthand constructor for :class:ForwardDiode.

`D1(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

Create a forward diode with ideality factor n = 1.

`D2(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

Create a forward diode with ideality factor n = 2.

`Drev(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

This is a shorthand constructor for :class:ReverseDiode.

`Dpc(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

This is a shorthand constructor for :class:PhotonCouplingDiode.

`Dintrinsic_Si(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

This is a shorthand constructor for :class:Intrinsic_Si_diode.

`tile_elements(elements, rows=None, cols=None, x_gap=0.0, y_gap=0.0, turn=False, xflip=False, yflip=False, col_wise_ordering=True)` ¶

Tile elements into a grid for layout and diagram placement.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`elements`	`Sequence[Any]`	Elements with `extent` and `location`.	required
`rows`	`Optional[int]`	Number of rows.	`None`
`cols`	`Optional[int]`	Number of columns.	`None`
`x_gap`	`float`	Horizontal gap between tiles.	`0.0`
`y_gap`	`float`	Vertical gap between tiles.	`0.0`
`turn`	`bool`	Alternate rotation per column/row.	`False`
`xflip`	`bool`	Flip X orientation for 2-column layout.	`False`
`yflip`	`bool`	Flip Y orientation for 2-row layout.	`False`
`col_wise_ordering`	`bool`	Fill columns before rows.	`True`

Returns:

Type	Description
`None`	None

Example

    from PV_Circuit_Model.device import Cell_
    cell = Cell_()
    cells = cell*5
    tile_elements(cells.parts,rows=1)

`circuit_deepcopy(circuit_component)` ¶

Return a deep clone of a circuit component.

Warning

This uses the component's clone method and does not deep-copy external resources.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`circuit_component`	`CircuitComponent`	Component to clone.	required

Returns:

Name	Type	Description
`CircuitComponent`	`CircuitComponent`	Cloned component.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import R, circuit_deepcopy
r = R(1)
r2 = circuit_deepcopy(r)

`find_subgroups_by_name(circuit_group, target_name)` ¶

Find subgroups with a matching name.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`circuit_group`	`CircuitGroup`	Root group to search.	required
`target_name`	`str`	Name to match.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`List[CircuitComponent]`	List[CircuitComponent]: Matching subgroups.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import CircuitGroup, R
group = CircuitGroup([R(1)], connection="series", name="root")
len(find_subgroups_by_name(group, "root")) # 1

`find_subgroups_by_tag(circuit_group, tag)` ¶

Find subgroups with a matching tag.

Warning

This uses name-based recursion for nested groups and may not find tagged children in all cases.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`circuit_group`	`CircuitGroup`	Root group to search.	required
`tag`	`Any`	Tag value to match.	required

Returns:

Type	Description
`List[CircuitComponent]`	List[CircuitComponent]: Matching subgroups.

Example

from PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model import series, R
group = series(R(1, tag="R1"), R(2))
len(find_subgroups_by_tag(group, "R1")) # 1

circuit_model¶

PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model ¶

CircuitElement ¶

set_operating_point(V=None, I=None) ¶

draw(ax=None, x=0, y=0, color='black', fontsize=6, linewidth=1.5, display_value=False) ¶

calc_I(V) ¶

CircuitGroup ¶

parts property writable ¶

children property writable ¶

__init__(subgroups, connection='series', name=None, location=None, rotation=0, x_mirror=1, y_mirror=1, extent=None) ¶

set_operating_point(V=None, I=None, refine_IV=False, shallow=False, use_python=False) ¶

removeElementOfTag(tag) ¶

set_temperature(temperature) ¶

findElementType(type_, stop_at_type_=None) ¶

__getitem__(type_) ¶

draw(x=0, y=0, display_value=False, title='Model', linewidth=1.5, animate=False, V_sweep_frames=None, split_screen_with_IV=False, current_flow_log10_range=4, area_multiplier=1, fontsize=6, ax2_width=0.5, ax2_xlim=None, ax2_ylim=None, figsize=None, operating_point_size=20, max_electron_size=0.05) ¶

as_type(cls, **kwargs) ¶

tile_subgroups(rows=None, cols=None, x_gap=0.0, y_gap=0.0, turn=False, xflip=False, yflip=False, col_wise_ordering=True) ¶

CurrentSource ¶

__init__(IL, Suns=1.0, temperature=25, temp_coeff=0.0, tag=None) ¶

set_IL(IL) ¶

changeTemperatureAndSuns(temperature=None, Suns=None) ¶

Resistor ¶

__init__(cond=1.0, tag=None) ¶

set_cond(cond) ¶

Diode ¶

__init__(I0=1e-15, n=1, V_shift=0, max_I=None, tag=None, temperature=25) ¶

set_I0(I0) ¶

changeTemperature(temperature) ¶

ForwardDiode ¶

ReverseDiode ¶

PhotonCouplingDiode ¶

Intrinsic_Si_diode ¶

__init__(base_thickness=0.018, base_type='n', base_doping=1000000000000000.0, area=1.0, temperature=25, max_I=None, tag=None) ¶

IL(*args, **kwargs) ¶

R(R, tag=None) ¶

D(*args, **kwargs) ¶

D1(*args, **kwargs) ¶

D2(*args, **kwargs) ¶

Drev(*args, **kwargs) ¶

Dpc(*args, **kwargs) ¶

Dintrinsic_Si(*args, **kwargs) ¶

tile_elements(elements, rows=None, cols=None, x_gap=0.0, y_gap=0.0, turn=False, xflip=False, yflip=False, col_wise_ordering=True) ¶

circuit_deepcopy(circuit_component) ¶

find_subgroups_by_name(circuit_group, target_name) ¶

find_subgroups_by_tag(circuit_group, tag) ¶

`PV_Circuit_Model.circuit_model` ¶

`CircuitElement` ¶

`set_operating_point(V=None, I=None)` ¶

`draw(ax=None, x=0, y=0, color='black', fontsize=6, linewidth=1.5, display_value=False)` ¶

`calc_I(V)` ¶

`CircuitGroup` ¶

`parts` `property` `writable` ¶

`children` `property` `writable` ¶

`init(subgroups, connection='series', name=None, location=None, rotation=0, x_mirror=1, y_mirror=1, extent=None)` ¶

`set_operating_point(V=None, I=None, refine_IV=False, shallow=False, use_python=False)` ¶

`removeElementOfTag(tag)` ¶

`set_temperature(temperature)` ¶

`findElementType(type_, stop_at_type_=None)` ¶

`getitem(type_)` ¶

`as_type(cls, **kwargs)` ¶

`tile_subgroups(rows=None, cols=None, x_gap=0.0, y_gap=0.0, turn=False, xflip=False, yflip=False, col_wise_ordering=True)` ¶

`CurrentSource` ¶

`init(IL, Suns=1.0, temperature=25, temp_coeff=0.0, tag=None)` ¶

`set_IL(IL)` ¶

`changeTemperatureAndSuns(temperature=None, Suns=None)` ¶

`Resistor` ¶

`init(cond=1.0, tag=None)` ¶

`set_cond(cond)` ¶

`Diode` ¶

`init(I0=1e-15, n=1, V_shift=0, max_I=None, tag=None, temperature=25)` ¶

`set_I0(I0)` ¶

`changeTemperature(temperature)` ¶

`ForwardDiode` ¶

`ReverseDiode` ¶

`PhotonCouplingDiode` ¶

`Intrinsic_Si_diode` ¶

`init(base_thickness=0.018, base_type='n', base_doping=1000000000000000.0, area=1.0, temperature=25, max_I=None, tag=None)` ¶

`IL(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`R(R, tag=None)` ¶

`D(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`D1(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`D2(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`Drev(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`Dpc(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`Dintrinsic_Si(*args, **kwargs)` ¶

`tile_elements(elements, rows=None, cols=None, x_gap=0.0, y_gap=0.0, turn=False, xflip=False, yflip=False, col_wise_ordering=True)` ¶

`circuit_deepcopy(circuit_component)` ¶

`find_subgroups_by_name(circuit_group, target_name)` ¶

`find_subgroups_by_tag(circuit_group, tag)` ¶